THE LAND OF CRECENT

"This fertile crescent is approximately a semicircle, with the open side toward the south, having the west end at the southeast corner of the Mediterranean, the center directly north of Arabia, and the east end at the north end of the Persian Gulf."

Al-Khwarizmis Planisphere

Al-Khwarizmis Planisphere

Al Khwariz Algebra PAGE

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Al Khwariz Algebra PAGE

Ancient text in new outlook by Al Khwarizmi

Al-Khwarizmi's text can be seen to be distinct not only from the Babylonian tablets, but also from Diophantus' Arithmetica. It no longer concerns a series of problems to be resolved, but an exposition which starts with primitive terms in which the combinations must give all possible prototypes for equations, which henceforward explicitly constitute the true object of study. On the other hand, the idea of an equation for its own sake appears from the beginning and, one could say, in a generic manner, insofar as it does not simply emerge in the course of solving a problem, but is specifically called on to define an infinite class of problems.

Arabic mathematics ALGEBRA

Perhaps one of the most significant advances made by Arabic mathematics began at this time with the work of al-Khwarizmi, namely the beginnings of algebra. It is important to understand just how significant this new idea was. It was a revolutionary move away from the Greek concept of mathematics which was essentially geometry. Algebra was a unifying theory which allowed rational numbers, irrational numbers, geometrical magnitudes, etc., to all be treated as "algebraic objects". It gave mathematics a whole new development path so much broader in concept to that which had existed before, and provided a vehicle for future development of the subject. Another important aspect of the introduction of algebraic ideas was that it allowed mathematics to be applied to itself in a way which had not happened before..

root is given by the steps,

In modern notation this process, with 'x' the "thing" (shay') or "root", is given by the steps,
(10 − x)2 = 81x
x2 + 100 = 101x
Let the roots of the equation be 'p' and 'q'. Then , pq = 100 and

So a root is given by (10 − x)2 = 81x
x2 + 100 = 101x
Let the roots of the equation be 'p' and 'q'. Then , pq = 100 and

So a root is given by




Several authors have also published texts

Compare with modern mathematical notation

The above discussion uses modern mathematical notation for the types of problems which the book discusses. However, in al-Khwārizmī's day, most of this notation had not yet been invented, so he had to use ordinary text to present problems and their solutions. For example, for one problem he writes,
If some one say: You divide ten into two parts: multiply the one by itself; it will be equal to the other taken eighty-one times." Computation: You say, ten less thing, multiplied by itself, is a hundred plus a square less twenty things, and this is equal to eighty-one things. Separate the twenty things from a hundred and a square, and add them to eighty-one. It will then be a hundred plus a square, which is equal to a hundred and one roots. Halve the roots; the moiety is fifty and a half. Multiply this by itself, it is two thousand five hundred and fifty and a quarter. Subtract from this one hundred; the remainder is two thousand four hundred and fifty and a quarter. Extract the root from this; it is forty-nine and a half. Subtract this from the moiety of the roots, which is fifty and a half. There remains one, and this is one of the two parts.

method of solving linear and quadratic equations

Al-Khwārizmī's method of solving linear and quadratic equations worked by first reducing the equation to one of six standard forms (where b and c are positive integers)
squares equal roots (ax2 = bx)
squares equal number (ax2 = c)
roots equal number (bx = c)
squares and roots equal number (ax2 + bx = c)
squares and number equal roots (ax2 + c = bx)
roots and number equal squares (bx + c = ax2)
by dividing out the coefficient of the square and using the two operations al-jabr and al-muqābala ("balancing"). Al-jabr is the process of removing negative units, roots and squares from the equation by adding the same quantity to each side. For example, x2 = 40x − 4x2 is reduced to 5x2 = 40x. Al-muqābala is the process of bringing quantities of the same type to the same side of the equation. For example, x2 + 14 = x + 5 is reduced to x2 + 9 = x.

Al Khwarizmi Latin Book

The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing is a book written approximately 830 CE. The book was written with the encouragement of the Caliph al-Ma'mun as a popular work on calculation and is replete with examples and applications to a wide range of problems in trade, surveying and legal inheritance.The term algebra is derived from the name of one of the basic operations with equations (al-jabr, meaning completion, or, subtracting a number from both sides of the equation) described in this book. The book was translated in Latin as Liber algebrae et almucabala by Robert of Chester,hence "algebra", and also by Gerard of Cremona. A unique Arabic copy is kept at Oxford and was translated in 1831 by F. Rosen. A Latin translation is kept in Cambridge.
This book is considered the foundational text of modern algebra. It provided an exhaustive account of solving polynomial equations up to the second degree,and introduced the fundamental methods of "reduction" and "balancing", referring to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation, that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation.

AL Jabr BOOKS

Al-Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wa-l-muqābala ( الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة

Qur'an, encourages the science of astronomy

Qur'an, encourages the science of astronomy I fallow this myself for past 3 decades

Calculated Velocity[speed] of Light ,
Distance between Sun and Earth from 1012 AD Maha Bharata,

Prime Minister RAJIV GANDHI released book on RGVEDIC ASTRONOMICAL BHISHMA.








Qur'an, encourages the science of astronomy

Every Muslim, taking an interest in science is a very important form of worship. In many verses of the Qur'an, God instructs Muslims to investigate the heavens, the earth, living things or their own existence and think about them. When we look at the verses, we find indications of all the main branches of science in the Qur'an.

For example, in the Qur'an, God encourages the science of astronomy
He Who created the seven heavens in layers. You will not find any flaw in the creation of the All-Merciful. Look again-do you see any gaps? (Qur'an, 67: 3)

Qur'an, encourages the science of astronomy I fallow this myself for past 3 decades

Calculated Velocity[speed] of Light ,
Distance between Sun and Earth from 1012 AD Maha Bharata,

Prime Minister RAJIV GANDHI released book on RGVEDIC ASTRONOMICAL BHISHMA.

Islamic Mirrors

ISLAMIC Mirrors
The parabolic mirror, earlier studied by Diocles and others, was described by Ibn Sahl in his On the Burning Instruments in the 10th century. It was later described again in Burning Mirrors and Book of Optics
Ibn al also discussed concave and convex mirrors in both cylindrical and spherical geometries, described spherical and parabolic mirrors,carried out a number of experiments with mirrors, and solved the problem of finding the point on a convex mirror at which a ray coming from one point is reflected to another point.
By the 11th century, clear glass mirrors were being produced.

NOTE TO ALL
In The Name of Allah, Most Merciful and Compassionate

It is offensive (makruh) to pray on or towards anything that is distracting, such as something striped or a person who is facing one.[1] A mirror is similar. As for praying with a mirror in the room, I have not seen our imams mention this. A reflection is not considered a picture of animate life, so it would not appear to be a problem in our school. And Allah knows best and He alone gives success (tawfiq).

See: Ibn Hajar al-Haytami, Hawashi al-Sharwani Wa Ibn Qasim al-Abbadi 'Ala Tuhfah al-Muhtaj Bisharh al-Minhaj (Beruit, Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi), 2:161; and Nihaya with Shibramalisi's supercommentary: Muhammad Ramli, Nihayah al-Muhtaj ila Sharh al-Minhaj (Beruit, Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi), 2:58.

Therefore it is best for your salaah that you do not pray infront of a mirror incase of distraction from Salaah but it is not forbidden just disliked.
and Allah knows best

Islam has no place for black cats and broken mirrors BY SUMAYYAH MEEHAN

Sun,Moon,Alchemy of Arabia,

Sun,Moon,Alchemy of Arabia

The Sun is its father, the Moon its mother, and the Wind carries it in its belly, its nurse is the Earth. This is the father of all perfection, or consummation of the whole world. Its power is integrating, if it be turned into earth.

Thou shalt separate the earth from the fire, the subtle from the gross, suavely, and with great ingenuity. It ascends from earth to heaven and descends again to earth, and receives the power of the superiors and of the inferiors. So thou hast the glory of the whole world; therefore let all obscurity flee before thee.

This is the strong force of all forces, overcoming every subtle and penetrating every solid thing. So the world was created. Hence were all wonderful adaptations, of which this is the manner. Therefore am I called Hermes Trismigestus, having the three parts of the philosophy of the whole world. What I have to tell is completed, concerning the Operation of the Sun.

Islamic Egyptian Alchemy Union

Islamic Egyptian Alchemy Union

Time Capsule of Wisdom from Mankind's Unknown Benefactors.

The Emerald Tablet is an ancient artifact that reveals a profound spiritual technology, which has survived to this day despite centuries of effort to suppress it. Encoded within the tablet's mysterious wording is a powerful formula that works in very specific and comprehensible steps on all levels of reality at once -- the physical, the mental, and the spiritual -- and shows us how to achieve personal transformation and even accelerate the evolution of our species.
Emerald Tablet,is part of the Hermetica and is one of most revered magical documents in Western occultism. Hermes Trismegistus is portrayed in art as holding an emerald upon which he inscribed the entire Egyptian philosophy.

GEMS PEARLS,Coloured Glass on mosques

Stained glass was first produced by Muslim architects in Southwest Asia using colored glass rather than stone. In the 8th century, the Arab chemist Jabir scientifically described 46 original recipes for producing colored glass in Kitab al-Durra , in addition to 12 recipes inserted in a later edition of the book.


Gemstones and pearls

In his Kitab al-Durra Jabir described the first recipes for the manufacture of artificial pearls and for the purification of pearls that were discolored from the sea or from grease. described the first recipes for the dyeing and artificial coloring of gemstones and pearls, also first described the production of high quality colored glass cut into artificial gemstones.

Jabir chemistry produced perfume industry in arabia

Jābir "father of chemistry", introduced experimentation, invented the alembic still and retort, many chemical processes such as filtration, and many chemical substances such as distilled alcohol. He also established the perfumery industry.

Jabir clearly recognized and proclaimed the importance of experimentation:
The first essential in chemistry is,perform practical work and conduct experiments, for he who performs not practical work nor makes experiments will never attain to the least degree of mastery.

An early experimental scientific method for chemistry began emerging among early Muslim chemists.
The experimental method; apparatus such as the alembic, still, and retort; and chemical processes such as liquefaction, purification, oxidization and evaporation.

Purification by crystallization.Filtration

Pure distillation,Impure distillation methods were known to the Babylonians, Greeks and Egyptians since ancient times, but Jābir was the first to introduce distillation apparatus and techniques which were able to fully purify chemical substances.

Produced many chemical substances.

Jabir clearly recognized importance of experimentation.The first essential in chemistry is that he perform practical work and conduct experiments, for he who performs not practical work nor makes experiments will never attain to the least degree of mastery.

Gold Making and Philosopher Stone by Jabir

Islamic philosophers made great contributions to alchemical hermeticism. The most influential author in this regard was arguably Jābir ,According to Jābir, in each metal two of these qualities were interior and two were exterior. For example, lead was externally cold and dry, while gold was hot and moist. Thus, Jabir theorized, by rearranging the qualities of one metal, a different metal would result. By this reasoning, the search for the philosopher's stone was introduced to Western alchemy.Jabir developed an elaborate numerology whereby the root letters of a substance's name in Arabic, when treated with various transformations, held correspondences to the element's physical properties.

II islamic Observatory at Maegah in 1262AD

II islamic Observatory at Maegah in 1262AD

When Baghdad, was destroyed ,a magnificent observatory at Maragah in northwest Iran was built with al-Tusi in charge. The observatory opened in 1262,The observatory became, essentially, a university: al-Tusi had several pupils who made important contributions, and in fact his role was central in reviving Islamic science.

About author damodhar

Expert in Astronomy,Astrology,Vaastu, Mathematics,Philately,Numismatics,Epigraphy,Ancient Science,Pyretics,Metallurgy,Geography from Epics,and other technical sciences,Irrigation

Specialize; Voyage of Congress from Adyar,History of Satavahana,Buddhist,Jain,Vedic Cosmology,Mythology.Ancient coins of World,Preparing book on Telugu cinema-history.History of Playing Cards from 300 BC, Numisphilately,Dxing Radio TV satellite transmissions,
SETI project USA and CETI of RUSSIA for Satellite signals from Extraterrestrial World,

Farmans,Kings Documents, Unusual Money, History of weaving, Aeroplanes,
Rulers of India,Youdhehas,Gupta,Iksvaku,Vishnukundin,Kakatiya,Vijayanagara,
Irrigation in ancient India,Gupta Dams,Rock canals,Wash basins,dams canals,queen baths,in romans style,Women army,Bull Elephant fights,with pictorial evidence from sculptures.

Seljuk Sultan built Observatory for Khayyam

The third Seljuk sultan, and his Persian vizier invited Khayyam to head up his observatory in Esfahan , Khayyam measured the length of the year, getting 365.242198…days. This is correct to within one second: the error is in that last digit only

Author Calculated velocity of light from Maha Bharata,1012AD,Indian Epic,1986

Calculated Velocity[speed] of Light ,

Distance between Sun and Earth from 1012 AD Maha Bharata,

Father of Youngest stamp collector in the World,

Prime Minister RAJIV GANDHI released book on RGVEDIC BHISHMA.

Khayyam algebra

KHAYYAM main contribution to that subject is a serious attack on cubic equations, such as finding x given that 2x3 – 2x2 + 2x – 1 = 0. This particular problem has a geometric origin:

Given that for the right-angled triangle shown, the sum of the height and the shortest side is equal to the hypotenuse, find the ratio of the length of the shortest side to that of the other side.

Islamic Algebra born in Nishapur Iran

Omr Kayam was born in Nishapur, in present-day northeastern Iran (see map) in 1048, a time when most of Persia ,Iran was under Turkish rule. Initially, he did not find it a good environment for scholarly work, and in 1070 moved to Samarkand ,He did manage to write a famous book on Algebra.


For more info and Research article contact author,by @ or mobile,snail mail

600 BC oil wells,640 AD oil Tax,

600 BC oil wells,640 AD oil Tax,

Natural oil spring called "Eternal Fires" that had been burning continuously since at least 600 BC.

When the Muslim armies first arrived 640, they found hundreds of open oil pits. Arab records from the 10th century show that people, paid an annual tribute of 90 metric tons of oil to light the palace of the caliph. And an early Muslim taxing the oil - and mercury - producing industries in their districts as an incentive to boost production. Clearly the demand for oil was high.

For more info and Research article contact author,by @ or mobile,snail mail

QATAR news;Symposium,God Is Beautiful

The Symposium, titled God Is Beautiful; He Loves Beauty: The Object in Islamic Art and Culture, will be held at the new Museum of Islamic Art (designed by I.M. Pei) October 29-31, 2011 in Doha, Qatar. The keynote speaker will be Paul Goldberger, the Pulitzer-Prize winning architecture critic and writer for the New Yorker, who will discuss the Museum building as a work of Islamic art on Saturday, October 29, 2011. On October 30 and 31, twelve speakers will present original papers on objects in the Museum's collection.

You may have been following news of Doha's explosive cultural renaissance in your local newspapers and magazines. In addition to the Museum of Islamic Art, the city recently opened another museum, Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art only a few weeks ago. Their first exhibition, "Sajjil: A Century of Modern Art," is on view in the museum's expansive new galleries, bringing together over 200 objects in the museum's collection. For those of you considering whether or not to make the long trip to Doha for the Symposium, please keep in mind the city's increasingly rich cultural offerings!

In addition, please be aware that we will again be offering Hamad bin Khalifa Travel Fellowships to provide financial support to 15 junior and senior scholars who wish to attend God is Beautiful; He Loves Beauty. Fellowships will cover the cost of round-trip travel to Doha as well as lodging and meals during the Symposium. Fellows will also be invited to attend special events such as receptions and excursions, will be awarded a Hamad bin Khalifa Fellowship certificate, and will receive copies of the proceedings of the Third Biennial Symposium, And Diverse Are Their Hues: Color in Islamic Art and Culture, held in 2009, and the Fourth Biennial Symposium, held in Doha. Applications are available on our website,

As always, please feel free to direct any questions or comments to me at the below email address
Best wishes,

Akkadian - Sumerian clay cover letter Judgement

Father of the ADARSH,Youngest Stamp collector,1998

Father of the ADARSH,Youngest Stamp collector,1998

exchange indian banknotes,modern ancient COINS,BANKNOTES,STAMPS of world,

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OTHER ITEMS I DEAL

Banknotes of British India, French, Portuguese, princely states of
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AUTHOR VOYAGE ON PLANET EARTH

AUTHOR VOYAGE ION PLANET EARTH

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Farman of Aurangazeb from hyderabad camp office,mohd sha,and other moghuls etc.
ONE OF MY FRIEND HAS FARMANS OF AURANGAZEB QULIQUTB SHAH DYNASTY AND SHAHJAHAN II SOME STATE THE LEASING

OUT OF ONE FORT FOR 1000 DINARAS OND OTHER SIND OFFICIAL SERVICE LETTERS OF POST SIND 17XX-1819 WITH

SEALS OF ALAMGIR AND MOGHUL RULERS
ETC.Farman of Aurangazeb from hyderabad camp office
what do you collect i have a vast inventory of world banknotes specimens etc from 18XX


President of INDIA & C M of AP released Book on 500 years of SriKrishnaDevaraya
With my paper on ROCK IRRIGATION OF VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE[sept2010]
125 Years of congress celebrations at Gandhi Bhavan HYD,,CM,PCC President,
Jaipal ReddyDigvijay Singh,inaugurated,Photo and Stamp Exhibition of my son ADARSH.
PRIME MINISTER of INDIA Shri.Rajiv Gandhi released my BOOK,1989
Gave RAHUL GANDHI Telangana Satavahana coin in March 2010,
Father of the ADARSH,Youngest Stamp collector,1998
Calculated velocity of light from Maha Bharata,1012AD,Indian Epic,1986


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